Antibiotic Resistance Essay -- Medicine Science Papers

"Antibiotic Resistance" I. Abstract When penicillin was first administered in 1943, it proved to be extraordinary at wiping out nasty cases of syphilis, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and meningitis infection. With the threat of these deadly infections in ‘check,’ pharmaceutical industries then cut back on their research to discover even more effective antibiotics. This new-found medical confidence inspired patients to merrily run to the clinic to get penicillin prescriptions for everything from nausea and diarrhea to running nose and sneezing, and doctors to happily prescribe the ‘miracle drug.’ However, microorganisms are now evolving and developing unprecedented resistance to penicillin and other once potent drugs, like vancomyocin. Currently, vancomyocin is the most potent drug on the market, and  ¼ of all enterococci are resistant to it ("A New Gap†¦," 1997). In the April 28, 1994 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers identified a bacteria that was resistant to all antibiotics (Lewis, 1997). The number of resistant strains of bacteria are rapidly growing, and a panic is beginning to spread in the medical field, as it has been caught ‘off-guard’ by the most recent developments. It takes decades to develop new antibiotics, and the pharmaceutical industries have spent the last few decades focusing on other concerns. Even though our arsenal of antibiotics is diminishing, it is clear that there will be no new ‘miracle drugs’ for quite some time. Since we will soon run out of effective antibiotics, we must do what we can to preserve the potency of our current resources. This paper will provide a background on how antibiotics work and also on the mechanism by which bacteria acquire resistance. Also part ... ...bson, David. (1997b). How does resistance occur? [Online] Available: http://www3.hmc.edu/~dgibson/antibiotics/resistance.html. King, John W. M.D. (1997). Antibiotic Resistance. [Online] Available: http://www.ccm.Isumc.edu/bugbytes/bb-v2n13.htm. Lewis, Ricki PhD. (1997). The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. [Online] Available: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html. Nemecek, Sasha. (1997, Feb). Beating Bacteria. Scientific American, 38-39. (1997, June). A New Gap In The Antibiotic Arsenal. Science News, 151, 348. (1996, May). Reducing Antibiotic Resistance. Nature, 381, 120-121. Smaglik, Paul. (1997, May 17). Proliferation of Pills. Science News, 151, 310-311. Thompson, Clare. (1997, June 8). False Economies Breed Superbugs. New Scientist, 6. Travis, John. (1996, June 1). Biological Warfare. Science News, 149, 350-351.

The Concepts of Leadership Theories

This essay begins with how the concept of leadership starts with understanding what leadership means. According to Robbins and Judge, Organizational Behaviour, 15th edition states that leadership is the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or set of goals (p, 402). A good leader is more likely to accomplish this task through knowledge and skill.Knowledge to know about how to use what is known to influence workers in an organization to reach the goals of a company and skill to put in the effort to actually do what is meant to be done well to achieve organizational goals. In other words an effective leader should be capable of inspiring and motivating even the most inefficient employees to strive towards attaining the goals of the organization. Organizational effectiveness is critical to success in any business.In order to achieve increased and sustainable business results, organizations need to execute strategy an engage employees. T he validity of the stat ement ‘’an organisations performance and effectiveness are directly related to its leadership,† can be further explained by drawing a little focus on the theories of leadership. These theories include situational theory, participative leadership model, the path-goal theory and the transformational leadership theory. Situational theories focus on the followers.Situational theories propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leadership is dependent on the context in which it is being exercised. For example, in a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable an experienced member of a group, an authoritarian style might be most appropriate but in other instances where group members are skilled experts, a democratic style would be more effective. Fieders situational theories identify effective leadership style under changing situations (Fieder, Chemers and Mahon, 1977). These can be either relationship motivated or task motivated.A leader participat ive model is a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. These leaders encourage participation and contribution from groups members and helps members feel more relevant and committed to the decision making process. Persons are less competitive and more collaborative when they are working on joint goals. It has been proven that when decisions are made together, the social commitment to one another is greater and increases the commitment to he decision rather than when decisions are made by one person alone. Participative leadership can be effective in unstructured situations because it can increase role clarity and it can also be very effective for people who have a high need to control their environment. The path-goal theory which was developed by Robert House is a theory that states that it is a leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Robbins and Judge 15th Edition) Effective path-goal leaders must recognize the needs of those they manage and try to satisfy their needs through the workplace by rewarding persons for achieving their goals, helping subordinates to identify the most effective path they need to take to reach their goals and clear the paths so that these subordinates can reach their goals. The transformational leadership theory focuses on the connections formed between leaders and followers.Transformational leadership is a process in which the leaders take actions to try to increase their associates' awareness of what is right and important, to raise their associates' motivational maturity and to move their associates to go beyond the associates' own self-interests for the good of the group, the organization, or society. Such leaders provide their associates with a sense of purpose that goes beyond a simple exchange of rewards for effort provided. The transformational leaders are proactive in many different and unique ways.These leaders attempt to optimize development, not just performance. Development encompasses the maturation of ability, motivation, attitudes, and values. Such leaders want to elevate the maturity level of the needs of their associates (from security needs to needs for achievement and self-development). They convince their associates to strive for a higher level of achievement as well as higher levels of moral and ethical standards. Through the development of their associates, they optimize the development of their organization as well.High performing associates build high performing organizations. A transformational leadership is more effective when in a smaller, privately held firm than in a complex organization because the personal nature can directly interact with the workforce and make decisions than when they report to an external bro ad of directors or deal with a complex bureaucratic structure. I conclude that each of these theories offers some insights into the qualities of successful leaders.The different leadership styles will differ depending on the type of organizational structure being used but they are all important for the effectiveness and performance of any organization. Bibliography Bass, B. M. (2005). Transformational leadership theory, In J. B. Miner. Organizational behavior Fiedler, (1967) A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Langton, N. , ; Robbins, S. (2007). Leadership. In N. Langton ; S. Robbins. Organizational Behavior: Concepts, controversies, applications Toronto: Prentice Hall Canada

Response Paper: Don Quixote de la Mancha Essay

â€Å"Don Quixote de la Mancha† by Miguel de Cervantes is one of the most recognizable classics in the world of literature. It is a narrative that is being retold in almost every generation that had followed since its publication. Much the success of the story is really undeniable as it had even infused a term to the English language, the term â€Å"quixotic. † It is certainly one of the most unforgettable stories ever written. Here is a quote from the text that I would like to pose a response: â€Å"I shall never be so mad as to make myself a knight-errant for I see well enough that things are not how they used to be in those days, when they say those famous knights rule the world† (Cervantes 161) This line was spoken by the innkeeper in the first part XXXII The tone of this particular quote seems to a response to the main theme of the story. This main theme is Don Quixote’s idea desire to live a life of a knight. The quote implies that to follow an ideal or a dream would be a waste of time. This particular quote stands out because it is one of the few pessimistic statements in the very positive, or shall I say â€Å"quixotic† theme of the narrative. This is the kind of statements that would be uttered by those who forget how to dream. People that would say this kind of words are the type that brings the hopes of other people down. The context is just like when pessimists argued that man cannot go space. The kind of thinking that pessimists have is what makes life look miserable and dull. Fortunately, Miguel de Cervantes had introduced to us Don Quixote—some who would always remind us that it is just alright to dream and seek adventures in life. Work Cited Cervantes, Miguel de. Don Quixote de la Mancha. Harvard University Press. 1842

Entice the audience to the film Essay

Snake eyes is an action thriller. The storyline seems to be quite simple from the outside. There is a murder, perhaps more then one, and its up to the homicidal detective to figure out who did it, why and how. However, the victim is the Secretary of Defence. The murder takes place in the presence of 14,000 witnesses, in the audience of a high profile boxing match, and to make things worse it is very likely that there is more then one person involved, and at least one more potential victim. It seems almost impossible that the detective will not get caught up in the web of lies, treachery and deceit. Maybe even become a victim himself. This essay is about film trailers, specifically Snake eyes, and how different techniques are used to entice the audience to the film. Camera shots are very important in film trailers. They can be cut and edited to create the desired effect of the producer. For example, in snake eyes it shows a number of shots go by very fast to create a general sense of foreboding. There’s a point in the trailer where it shows close ups of the suspects like the woman in red, the boxer and several others. This leaves you with a strange and confusing feeling, are you being told the story to the letter, or are they tricking you? Many different camera shots are used, such as close ups like the woman in red, sitting in the front row of the audience, you see her face and get the feeling she is inwardly smirking, why? What has she done? It causes uneasiness and questions to pop up in the watchers mind, and that is very memorable. Another interesting shot used in the trailer is when the detective looks up into a camera; it has a rather sinister effect, making you think someone is watching him. There is much use of lighting in this trailer. Because the setting is dark and gritty any lighting is going to stand out. When the boxing match is in progress the lighting is centred on the boxing match, to emphasise its importance at that moment in time. The middle shots of the women in red, using a combination of the colour of her clothes, the audiences and the lighting makes her stand out from the rest of the crowd, and forces any audience to focus their attention on her, a very clear and powerful message emphasising her importance to the story. In this trailer lighting is also used to light up a man black and white as he looks into the camera, creating a startling effect, in someway it makes the audience believe that he has just realised something and is about to make an important discovery. A rather unorthodox use of lighting in films, but an interesting one none the less. If you go by the trailer then nearly the entire film is set indoors. This gives the cameraman and director plenty of opportunity to experiment with shadows, especially lit up ones that disappear almost as fast as they appear. The use of shadows in the trailer is excellent, but there are two in particular that deserve mentioning. The first is the dark outline of a figure holding a gun, ready for action; this annoys and frightens the audience. What right has this person got, skulking around in the shadows like that? On the other hand, what is this person going to do? The second use of shadows is even more spectacular. A flash of lightning, and against the thin material, a man is seen poised, ready to strike, as in the background the roar of the thunder continues. This, followed shortly by a picture of the detective in the same room, a look of absolute terror on his face leaves the audience in the highest form of anticipation, wanting to know what happens next, but the trailer goes on, leaving the audience slightly shaky and dieing to see the film. In the two minute long snake eyes trailer, it is the music and voice over that binds it into a coherent piece, as opposed to a series of exciting pictures with no apparent theme. It seems impossible to imagine modern cinema without sound. No one would ever go and watch the film and the companies that funded these productions would go bankrupt. So listening is just as important to the audience as watching, with this in mind snake eyes has done another wonderful job, not just with the music but also with the voice over. Using a number of straight to the point remarks that the audience automatically responds to with encrypted messages that confuse and worry them, for example one of the strangest is worded † trust everything but your eyes. † This is rather confusing, usually people trust nothing but their eyes, so this twist on the old saying concerns the audience and makes them want to find out more. A brilliant use of voiceover. In this essay I have covered several important techniques used in the moving media, film industry. Camera shots, obviously important, the position of a shot often determines the way an audience interprets what they see in front of them. Lighting, used to emphasise something or someone and create eerie effects. Shadows, important in certain genres and locations, and voice over, the technique that in my opinion ties the whole thing together, and puts the audience into the right frame of mind. I believe that this particular snake eyes trailer is brilliant, it creates just the right amount of craving excitement to have any watcher instantaneously caught up in its webs, using a combination of all these techniques and particularly good sequences, such as the lightning and thunder shadow man ready to strike. I searched for the film, just so I could see how accurate or jumped up the trailer was, though I must admit the trailer really made me want to watch it. Unfortunately however I did not find it, though this may have been a good thing, because that trailer was exceedingly good and I wouldn’t have liked to be disappointed. I think it was a good trailer to study because the developers definitely knew how to create the correct psychological effect, and as a result of that made it very interesting. So, film trailers, are they really effective? In my opinion, yes.

Ancient Egyptian Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ancient Egyptian Religion - Research Paper Example While studying ancient religion of Egypt it is clearly understood that most of the concepts of that religion was due to the people’s observation of environment surrounding. The basis of the religion was based on the concepts like attraction and worship of sunlight, satisfaction gained by changing tones of the nature (Watson). Agriculture due to changes in flow of river Nile was also in the core concepts of the ancient religion of Egypt. Every aspect of Egyptian culture like laws, medicine, arts and crafts carried a clear image of religious concepts. Another concept greatly raised during those days of Egypt was concept of gods. It is very difficult to differentiate between gods worshipped by Egyptians. There was a time when Egyptians worshipped 2000 gods. Gods of Ancient Egypt Gods worshipped by ancient Egyptians were evolved and diminished with time. These gods had some individual properties and they also used to fight one another to get hold of the powers possessed by each ot her. One God was used to split into multiple forms of gods at a time like Amun-em-Opet, Amun-Ka-Mutef, and Amun of Ipet-swt (Teeter,  E., & Brewer, 2004). Every God had a specific role to play for the people used to worship them. Gods were in human form, they were used to born and die after a certain age and some of them had rebirth. They were like human males and females and families. One of the common such case is Amun, his wife Mut and their child Khonsu. Ancient Egyptian civilization was over the era of 3000 years. Creation of World Egyptians used to have different concepts regarding creation of the world. According to one of the beliefs the whole world was a part of a big dark ocean. Suddenly a large portion of land appeared with reappearance of Sun god. Sun as a god is of great importance in ancient Egyptian religion as it created all things. This Sun god had many versions one of them is the emerging of Sun god from a large piece of mud. This concept was believed by most of ancient Egyptians. One of the great evolutions the ancient Egyptian civilization gave to mankind was place of worship to gods (Brown, 2007). Temples were considered as sacred places where Gods should be worshiped by the people. There was a time in ancient Egypt when every city had its own god and its own temple for the worship of that god. These were the places where communications with those gods was supposed to happen. Priest was an essential part of society. Priest was responsible for taking care of god and fulfilling the needs of god. Also these priests used to advise people for their problems. One example that needs to be mentioned for such case was ancient Egyptians thought Nile as a god. Each ever a virgin girl was sacrificed to keep god Nile happy by drowning her in river Nile. In return Nile irrigated crops of the people. Concept of Life and Death. Ancient Egyptians having unique civilization also had a unique concept of life. They believe in life after death and considered life as a preparation period for the life after death. Many civil laws of ancient Egypt were based on this concept of life. It is amazing to note that in present day modern world this concept of life after death is adapted or believed by followers of major religions of the world (Parsons, 2011). Ancient Egyptians considered death as a transfer to life after death. This concept of death is an important part in the funerals that took place at that time. The body was preserved for the next life with help of â€Å"Natron† and placed in a coffin. These bodies are now known as mummies. After 70 days the final ritual performed on the mummy was â€Å"

Astor Piazzolla Histoire du Tango Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Astor Piazzolla Histoire du Tango - Essay Example As with tango music, Astor Piazzolla's life was also filled with many changes and deviations that eventually helped him discover his true style and identity in the field of music. Piazzolla was born on March 11, 1921 to an Italian family in Mar del Plata, Argentina. His family moved to New York, and it was there that he first discovered his love for music. When his father gave him a bandoneon, he began to explore his musical talents that would have to undergo many changes and evolutions before he would come to realize the true directions in his music career. While growing up in New York, Piazzolla learned to appreciate classical music as he studied piano with Bela Wilda, a disciple of Rachmaninov (Pessinis and Kurl). During that same time, he met with the tango legend, Carlos Gardel, who became a good friend to him. When the family then decided to move to Argentina in 1936, Piazzolla started to play with some orchestras. Whereas he learned to appreciate the music of Bach while studying with Bela Wilda, he began to embrace tango as a musical style when he lived in Argentina. He was particularly impressed with the Elvino Vardaro's alternative style of rendering tango pieces (Pessinis and Kurl). ... Piazzolla continued to develop his skills and talent music. In 1944, he formed his own orchestra, which brought to the public a more vibrant form of tango music, more daring and dynamic (Pessinis and Kurl). This sparked the first controversies in Piazzolla's career. The orchestra was disbanded eventually in 1949, and the musician decided to take a different path musically. He thought that it was better for him to pursue classical music instead. Even as he did that, Piazzolla also listened to a lot of jazz music. In his quest to find his own style, Piazzolla decided to stay away from tango music. In the early 1950s, Piazzolla created music pieces that very much deviated from the traditional tango music during that time. He won the first prize for the Fabien Sevitzky competition with his "Buenos Aires" symphony, which caused strong reactions from some of the listeners who thought that the music was an abomination of classical music, when he incorporated the bandoneon in the symphony. As part of the prize, he was privileged to study under the legendary educator, Nadia Boulanger, who played a huge role in Piazzolla's discovery of his own style. Because of his decision to stay away from tango and pursue classical music, Piazzolla did not reveal his past musical experience to his teacher. Eventually, Boulanger found out the true style of Piazzolla and encouraged him to follow his own direction. Boulanger was quoted as saying to Piazzolla, in reference to his rendition of his tango Triunfal, "your classical pieces are well written, but the true Piazzolla is here, never leave it behind" (Pessinis and Kurl). His teacher's encouragements became the driving force for him to compose

American Psycho,The Slumber Party Massacre,Office Killer and Sister My Movie Review

American Psycho,The Slumber Party Massacre,Office Killer and Sister My Sister - Movie Review Example During a crucial scene of the movie Bateman confesses before his lawyer that he is a â€Å"pretty sick guy† and in another scene, he tells, â€Å"I like to dissect girls. Did you know I’m utterly insane?† Bateman is helpless to backtrack from the path of insanity and the worst things are in store for him. He is to be pitied rather than condemned; the world he lives in is cruel to him. The unconcealed consumerism, the environment of racism in which he has been brought up, the double-faced society and people wearing masks and stay far away from the pursuit of truth, internal beauty crushed by mad race for physical beauty, and the world full of negativities viewed from all ends, what more is required to make the man crazy and turn insane? He wants to strike back at the society that has been cruel to him. The viewers must know the reasons that land him in the pitiable mental condition. The ground realities related to the materialistic civilization impacted by technol ogical growth, the internet revolution, and globalization, have engulfed the society in a big scale and Bateman is the casualty of such a rotten society. The setting of the book relates to the year 1989. But the film is set two years earlier, resulting in gross irregularities. There is a scene where Patrick reads the 1987 Zagat’s survey. The televised speech of President Ronald Regan is set in the final scene. The President, in fact, has demitted the office by the time the events in the novel take place. The film has a major problem from the point of view of the discerning audience. To understand the character of Detective Kimball, one needs to avail the services of another detective! His mindset and inclinations are tough to understand. Why he is doing, what he is doing? Perhaps the concerned detective can only answer this question. He is a three-dimensional character. Firstly, it appears that the detective is aware that Bateman has killed the character, Paul Allen. Secondly , an impression is gathered that the detective is unaware that Bateman has committed the murder. Thirdly, the detective is not sure whether Bateman is Allen’s murderer. To keep the audience in the stage of uncertainty is the deliberate plan of the director. Bateman is a directionless, destination less and is a deranged individual. In any crime-drama the protagonist cannot be a divine character, and â€Å"American Psycho†, is no exception to this trend in the American movies. Christian Bale as the Wall Street blue-eyed young man Patrick Bateman is un-Christian like in all his killings. He has some responsibility in his father’s company and his passion and aggrandizement for wealth are not out of the economic necessities. The murders committed by him are deliberate and intentional. His life is engulfed in enormous wealth and yet the impact of materialism is so heavy on his mindset, being mad after homicidal activities. One wonders whether this man’s soul is operated upon, removed from its place to transplant some satanic version there and most importantly what are the circumstances that drive him to such a hopeless position?